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<title>Time-sharing system evolution</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Time-sharing system evolution</span></span>

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<p>This article covers the <b>evolution of time-sharing systems</b>, providing links to major early <a href="Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">time-sharing</a> operating systems, showing their subsequent evolution.

</p><p>The meaning of the term <i>time-sharing</i> has shifted from its original usage. From 1949 to 1960, time-sharing was used to refer to multiprogramming; it evolved to mean multi-user interactive computing.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Time-sharing">Time-sharing</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">Time-sharing</a></div>

<p>Time-sharing was first proposed in the mid- to late-1950s and first implemented in the early 1960s. The concept was born out of the realization that a single expensive computer could be efficiently utilized by enabling <a href="Multiprogramming" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiprogramming">multiprogramming</a>, and, later, by allowing multiple users simultaneous <a href="Interactive_computing" title="Interactive computing">interactive access</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee1992_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1984, <a href="Christopher_Strachey" title="Christopher Strachey">Christopher Strachey</a> wrote he considered the change in the meaning of the term <i>time-sharing</i> to be a source of confusion and not what he meant when he wrote his original paper in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ctsspg_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctsspg-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Without time-sharing, an individual user would enter bursts of information followed by long pauses; but with a group of users working at the same time, the pauses of one user would be filled by the activity of the others. Similarly, small slices of time spent waiting for disk, tape, or network input could be granted to other users. Given an optimal group size, the overall process could be very efficient.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Each user would use their own <a href="Computer_terminal" title="Computer terminal">computer terminal</a>, initially electromechanical <a href="Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">teleprinters</a> such as the <a href="Teletype_Model_33" title="Teletype Model 33">Teletype Model 33</a> ASR or the <a href="Friden_Flexowriter" title="Friden Flexowriter">Friden Flexowriter</a>; from about 1970 these were progressively superseded by <a href="Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">CRT</a>-based units such as the <a href="Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a> <a href="VT05" title="VT05">VT05</a>, <a href="Datapoint_2200" title="Datapoint 2200">Datapoint 2200</a> and <a href="Lear_Siegler" title="Lear Siegler">Lear Siegler</a> <a href="ADM-3A" title="ADM-3A">ADM-3A</a>.

</p><p>Terminals were initially linked to a nearby computer via <a href="Current_loop" title="Current loop">current loop</a> or <a href="Serial_cable" title="Serial cable">serial cables</a>, by conventional <a href="Electric_telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric telegraph">telegraph circuits</a> provided by <a href="Postal%2C_telegraph_and_telephone_service" title="Postal, telegraph and telephone service">PTTs</a> and over specialist digital <a href="Leased_line" title="Leased line">leased lines</a> such <a href="T-carrier" title="T-carrier">T1</a>. <a href="Modem" title="Modem">Modems</a> such as the <a href="Bell_103_modem" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell 103 modem">Bell 103</a> and successors, allowed remote and higher-speed use over the <a href="Plain_old_telephone_service" title="Plain old telephone service">analogue voice telephone network</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_tree_of_major_systems">Family tree of major systems</h2></div>

<p>See details and additional systems in the table below. Relationships shown here are for the purpose of grouping entries and do not reflect all influences. The Cambridge Multiple-Access System<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the first time-sharing system developed outside the United States.

</p>

<caption>Family tree of major <a href="Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">time-sharing</a> operating system families<br>Influences:     ⇶ derivation     ⇉ strong influence     → some influence/precedence

</caption>

<td rowspan="99" style="border-right:1px solid"><a href="Compatible_Time-Sharing_System" title="Compatible Time-Sharing System">CTSS</a>  →  

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="99" style="border-bottom:1px solid">•<i><b><a href="IBM_mainframe" title="IBM mainframe">IBM mainframes</a>:</b></i>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid"><a href="IBM_CP-40" title="IBM CP-40">CP-40/CMS</a> ⇶ <a href="CP/CMS" title="CP/CMS"> CP[-67]/CMS</a> ⇶  

</td>

<td colspan="99"> <a href="VM/370" class="mw-redirect" title="VM/370">VM/370</a> ⇶ VM/SE versions ⇶ VM/SP versions ⇶ VM/XA versions ⇶ <a href="VM/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="VM/ESA">VM/ESA</a> ⇶ <a href="Z/VM" title="Z/VM">z/VM</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="99" style="border-top:1px solid">Transactional systems: <a href="CICS" title="CICS">CICS</a>, <a href="Transaction_Processing_Facility" title="Transaction Processing Facility">TPF</a> ⇶ <a href="Z/TPF" class="mw-redirect" title="Z/TPF">z/TPF</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="99" style="border-bottom:1px solid"><br>•<i><b>IBM mainframes with non-IBM operating systems:</b></i>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="99">  <a href="Michigan_Terminal_System" title="Michigan Terminal System">Michigan Terminal System (MTS)</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="99">  <a href="MUSIC/SP" title="MUSIC/SP">MUSIC/SP</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="99">  <a href="ORVYL_and_WYLBUR" title="ORVYL and WYLBUR">ORVYL</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="99" style="border-bottom:1px solid"><br>•<i><b>DTSS/Multics family:</b></i>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="99">  <a href="Dartmouth_Time-Sharing_System" title="Dartmouth Time-Sharing System">Dartmouth Time-Sharing System</a> (DTSS)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="99">  <a href="MULTICS" class="mw-redirect" title="MULTICS">MULTICS</a> → <a href="Unix" title="Unix">UNIX family</a> — see also <i><b>UNIX</b></i><br>  <a href="MULTICS" class="mw-redirect" title="MULTICS">MULTICS</a> → <a href="PRIMOS" title="PRIMOS">PRIMOS</a> → <a href="Domain/OS" title="Domain/OS">Domain/OS</a><br>  <a href="MULTICS" class="mw-redirect" title="MULTICS">MULTICS</a> ⇉ <a href="Stratus_VOS" title="Stratus VOS">Stratus VOS</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="99" style="border-bottom:1px solid"><br>•<i><b><a href="Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a> systems:</b></i>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="99">  <a href="BBN_Time-Sharing_System" title="BBN Time-Sharing System">BBN Time-Sharing System</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="99">  <a href="TOPS-10" title="TOPS-10">TOPS-10</a> → <a href="TENEX_(operating_system)" title="TENEX (operating system)">TENEX</a>  ⇉  <a href="TOPS-20" title="TOPS-20">TOPS-20</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="99">  <a href="Incompatible_Timesharing_System" title="Incompatible Timesharing System">Incompatible Timesharing System</a> (ITS)

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="99">  <a href="Unix" title="Unix">UNIX family</a> ⇉ <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td></tr>

</tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="System_descriptions_and_relationships">System descriptions and relationships</h2></div>

<caption>Important time-sharing systems, 1960–1990 (and successors); listed alphabetically

</caption>

<td colspan="6">Influences:    ⇶ derivation    ⇉ strong influence    → some influence/precedence

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>System

</th>

<th>Platform

</th>

<th>Dates in use

</th>

<th>Developer

</th>

<th>Description

</th>

<th>Influences: <i>from</i><span style="font-size:small">→</span>   <span style="font-size:small">→</span><i>to</i>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>S/360 and S/370

</td>

<td>1965–1979

</td>

</td>

<td>High-performance mainframe transaction platform used in <a href="Sabre_(computer_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabre (computer system)">SABRE</a> and <a href="Programmed_Airline_Reservation_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Programmed Airline Reservation System">PARS</a>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a> ("A Programming Language," also "Iverson's Language")

</td>

<td><a href="System/360" class="mw-redirect" title="System/360">System/360</a>, others later<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td>1964–present

</td>

<td><a href="Kenneth_E._Iverson" title="Kenneth E. Iverson">Kenneth Iverson</a>

</td>

<td>Mathematically oriented language and interactive environment, noted for incredible terseness and powerful set processing operators

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Berkeley_Timesharing_System" title="Berkeley Timesharing System">Berkeley Timesharing System</a>

</td>

</td>

<td>1964–1972

</td>

<td><a href="Project_Genie" title="Project Genie">Project Genie</a>

</td>

<td>Early general-purpose

</td>

<td>⇉ <a href="TOPS-20#TENEX" title="TOPS-20">TENEX</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Cambridge Multiple-Access System

</td>

<td><a href="Titan_(1963_computer)" title="Titan (1963 computer)">Titan</a>, the prototype <a href="Atlas_(computer)" title="Atlas (computer)">Atlas</a> 2

</td>

<td>1967–1973

</td>

<td><a href="University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> and <a href="Ferranti" title="Ferranti">Ferranti</a>

</td>

<td>Multiple Access System

</td>

<td><a href="Project_MAC" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MAC">Project MAC</a>⇶ ⇶<a href="UNIX" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIX">UNIX</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="CANDE" title="CANDE">CANDE</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Burroughs_Large_Systems" title="Burroughs Large Systems">Burroughs Large Systems</a>, <a href="Burroughs_Medium_Systems" title="Burroughs Medium Systems">Burroughs Medium Systems</a>

</td>

<td>1965?–present

</td>

<td>Burroughs

</td>

<td>first IDE

</td>

<td>(separate evolution)

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>S/3x0

</td>

<td>1969–present

</td>

</td>

<td>Ubiquitous mainframe transaction platform; often used with <a href="IBM_3270" title="IBM 3270">IBM 3270</a> terminals and <a href="COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>customized S/360-40

</td>

<td>1967–1972?

</td>

<td>IBM's <a href="Cambridge_Scientific_Center" title="Cambridge Scientific Center">Cambridge Scientific Center</a>

</td>

<td>First implementation of <a href="Full_virtualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Full virtualization">full virtualization</a>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="IBM_System/360-67" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM System/360-67">IBM System/360-67</a>

</td>

<td>1967–1975?

</td>

<td><a href="Cambridge_Scientific_Center" title="Cambridge Scientific Center">IBM's Cambridge Scientific Center</a>

</td>

<td>Influential precursor to IBM's <a href="VM_(operating_system)" title="VM (operating system)">VM</a> series, widely distributed as <a href="Open_source" title="Open source">open source</a>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Compatible_Time-Sharing_System" title="Compatible Time-Sharing System">CTSS</a> ("Compatible Time Sharing System")

</td>

<td>modified <a href="IBM_7090" title="IBM 7090">IBM 7090</a> and modified <a href="IBM_7094" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 7094">IBM 7094</a>

</td>

<td>1961–1973

</td>

<td><a href="MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a> Computation Center

</td>

<td>First-generation "grandfather" of time-sharing systems

</td>

<td><a href="History_of_IBM_mainframe_operating_systems#FORTRAN_Monitor_System" title="History of IBM mainframe operating systems">FMS</a>→ <br> ⇉ <a href="IBM_CP-40" title="IBM CP-40">CP-40</a><br> ⇉ <a href="Multics" title="Multics">Multics</a><br> ⇉ <a href="Incompatible_Timesharing_System" title="Incompatible Timesharing System">ITS</a><br>→ [numerous other systems]

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Dartmouth_Time-Sharing_System" title="Dartmouth Time-Sharing System">DTSS</a> ("Dartmouth Time Sharing System")

</td>

<td><a href="GE-200_series" title="GE-200 series">GE 200</a>, <a href="GE_635" class="mw-redirect" title="GE 635">GE 635</a>, <a href="Honeywell_6000_series" title="Honeywell 6000 series">Honeywell 6000 series</a>

</td>

<td>1963–1999

</td>

<td><a href="Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a>

</td>

<td>Early time-sharing system running <a href="Dartmouth_BASIC" title="Dartmouth BASIC">Dartmouth BASIC</a> and other tools; became the first commercial time-sharing system through <a href="GEISCO" class="mw-redirect" title="GEISCO">General Electric Information Services Division</a>

</td>

<td><a href="History_of_IBM_mainframe_operating_systems#FORTRAN_Monitor_System" title="History of IBM mainframe operating systems">FMS</a>→<br> ⇉ <a href="IBM_CP-40" title="IBM CP-40">CP-40</a><br> ⇉ <a href="Multics" title="Multics">Multics</a><br> ⇉ <a href="Incompatible_Timesharing_System" title="Incompatible Timesharing System">ITS</a><br>→ [numerous other systems]

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Incompatible_Timesharing_System" title="Incompatible Timesharing System">ITS</a> ("Incompatible Timesharing System")

</td>

</td>

<td>1967–1990

</td>

<td><a href="MIT_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory">MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</a>

</td>

<td>"Subversive" operating system developed to counter direction of <a href="Compatible_Time-Sharing_System" title="Compatible Time-Sharing System">CTSS</a>. The original platform for <a href="Macsyma" title="Macsyma">Macsyma</a>, <a href="EMACS" class="mw-redirect" title="EMACS">EMACS</a> and other important applications.

</td>

<td><a href="Compatible_Time-Sharing_System" title="Compatible Time-Sharing System">CTSS</a>→<br>→ [numerous later systems]

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="JOSS" title="JOSS">JOSS</a> ("JOHNNIAC Open Shop System")

</td>

<td><a href="JOHNNIAC" title="JOHNNIAC">JOHNNIAC</a>, <a href="PDP-6" title="PDP-6">PDP-6</a>

</td>

<td>1963–1971?

</td>

<td><a href="RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">RAND Corporation</a>

</td>

<td>Lightweight, interactive computing language for non-specialists; did not distinguish operating system from language

</td>

<td>Highly regarded, but no obvious successors

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>

</td>

<td>ubiquitous

</td>

<td>1991–present

</td>

<td><a href="Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a>, <a href="GNU_project" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU project">GNU project</a>, <a href="Open_source" title="Open source">open source</a>

</td>

<td>Operating system dominating current open source activities

</td>

<td><a href="UNIX" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIX">UNIX</a> ⇉<br><a href="Minix" title="Minix">minix</a> ⇉<br>→ [numerous other systems]

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a><br>(<a href="Remote_Desktop_Services" title="Remote Desktop Services">Remote Desktop Services</a>)

</td>

<td><a href="X86" title="X86">x86</a>, <a href="IA-64" title="IA-64">IA-64</a>, others

</td>

<td>1985–present

</td>

<td><a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>

</td>

<td>Ubiquitous GUI operating system

</td>

<td><a href="MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> ⇉<br><a href="OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a> ⇉<br><a href="OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">VMS</a> ⇉ <a href="DEC_MICA" title="DEC MICA">MICA</a> ⇉<br><a href="Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a> ⇉

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Michigan_Terminal_System" title="Michigan Terminal System">MTS (Michigan Terminal System)</a>

</td>

</td>

<td>1967–1999

</td>

<td><a href="Michigan_Terminal_System#MTS_Consortium" title="Michigan Terminal System">University of Michigan and 7 other universities</a>

</td>

<td>First (Nov. 1967) OS to use the <a href="Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">virtual memory</a> features of the <a href="IBM_System/360_Model_67" title="IBM System/360 Model 67">S/360-67</a>. Early (Sept. 1968) S/360-67 <a href="Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">multiprocessor</a> support.

</td>

<td><a href="Compatible_Time-Sharing_System" title="Compatible Time-Sharing System">CTSS</a>→<br><a href="Dartmouth_Time-Sharing_System" title="Dartmouth Time-Sharing System">DTSS</a>→<br>→ <a href="UNIX" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIX">UNIX</a> (BSD)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Multics" title="Multics">Multics</a>

</td>

<td><a href="GE_645" title="GE 645">GE 645</a>, <a href="Honeywell_6000_series" title="Honeywell 6000 series">Honeywell 6180</a>

</td>

<td>1969–2000

</td>

<td><a href="Project_MAC" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MAC">Project MAC</a>

</td>

<td>Rich, important system

</td>

<td><a href="Compatible_Time-Sharing_System" title="Compatible Time-Sharing System">CTSS</a> ⇉<br> ⇉ <a href="UNIX" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIX">UNIX</a><br> ⇉ [many other systems]

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="System/370" class="mw-redirect" title="System/370">System/370</a> and successors

</td>

<td>1971–present

</td>

</td>

<td>Probably the most widely used version of TSO,<br>extended version TSO/E,<br>current version zOS-TSO

</td>

<td><a href="Compatible_Time-Sharing_System" title="Compatible Time-Sharing System">CTSS</a>→<br><a href="TSS/360" class="mw-redirect" title="TSS/360">TSS/360</a>→ <br>⇶ z/OS-TSO

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>CDC 60-bit platforms

</td>

<td>1976-??

</td>

<td><a href="Control_Data_Corporation" title="Control Data Corporation">Control Data Corporation</a>

</td>

<td>System used on most CDC machines<sup id="cite_ref-cdc_os_history_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc_os_history-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td>MACE→⇶ <a href="CDC_Kronos" title="CDC Kronos">Kronos</a> ⇉

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>CDC 60-bit platforms

</td>

<td>1976-??

</td>

<td><a href="Control_Data_Corporation" title="Control Data Corporation">Control Data Corporation</a>

</td>

<td>System used on most CDC machines<sup id="cite_ref-cdc_os_history_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc_os_history-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td><a href="Chippewa_Operating_System" title="Chippewa Operating System">COS</a> ⇶ <a href="CDC_SCOPE#SCOPE_for_the_CDC_6000_series" title="CDC SCOPE">SCOPE</a> →⇶

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="ORVYL_and_WYLBUR" title="ORVYL and WYLBUR">ORVYL</a>

</td>

<td><a href="IBM_System/360_Model_67" title="IBM System/360 Model 67">IBM System/360 Model 67</a>, <a href="IBM_System/370" title="IBM System/370">IBM System/370</a>, and successors

</td>

<td>1967-??

</td>

<td><a href="Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>

</td>

<td>Early time-sharing system; source of the <a href="ORVYL_and_WYLBUR" title="ORVYL and WYLBUR">WYLBUR</a> editor later used on <a href="System/370" class="mw-redirect" title="System/370">System/370</a> platforms

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a> (as Citrix Multiuser)

</td>

</td>

<td>1987–present

</td>

<td><a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>/<a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>

</td>

<td>Joint OS effort, now moribund. Still available as <a href="EComStation" title="EComStation">eComStation</a> and <a href="ArcaOS" title="ArcaOS">ArcaOS</a>.

</td>

<td><a href="IBM_PC_DOS" title="IBM PC DOS">DOS</a> ⇶ Microsoft Windows ⇉ OS/2<br>⇶ eComStation<br>⇶ ArcaOS 5.0

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>ROSCOE

</td>

<td><a href="System/360" class="mw-redirect" title="System/360">System/360</a> and successors

</td>

<td>1969–present

</td>

<td><a href="Applied_Data_Research" title="Applied Data Research">Applied Data Research</a> (ADR)

</td>

<td>Early time-sharing editor environment, often used as an alternative to TSO<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td>⇶ WRAP

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

<td>1972–1992+

</td>

</td>

<td>General-purpose time-sharing for the PDP-11

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

<td>1972-??

</td>

</td>

<td>Real-time operating system for the PDP-11

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Xerox_Alto" title="Xerox Alto">Xerox Alto</a>, later made portable

</td>

<td>1972–present

</td>

<td><a href="Xerox_PARC" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerox PARC">Xerox PARC</a>, successors

</td>

<td>Seminal system for experimental programming, responsible for many modern user interface concepts

</td>

<td>⇉ <a href="Apple_Lisa" title="Apple Lisa">Apple Lisa</a><br> ⇉ <a href="Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh">Apple Macintosh</a><br> ⇉ <a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a><br> ⇉ [all GUI platforms]

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Stratus_VOS" title="Stratus VOS">Stratus VOS</a>

</td>

</td>

<td>1980?–present

</td>

<td><a href="Stratus_Technologies" title="Stratus Technologies">Stratus Technologies</a>

</td>

<td><a href="High-availability" class="mw-redirect" title="High-availability">High-availability</a> <a href="Fault-tolerant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fault-tolerant">fault-tolerant</a> <a href="Transaction_processing" title="Transaction processing">transaction processing</a>

</td>

<td><a href="MULTICS" class="mw-redirect" title="MULTICS">MULTICS</a> ⇉

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="TOPS-20#TENEX" title="TOPS-20">TENEX</a>

</td>

</td>

<td>1970?-??

</td>

<td><a href="BBN_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="BBN Technologies">Bolt Beranek and Newman</a>

</td>

<td>Influential system widely used at research and government sites

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

<td>1970–1988? (as TOPS-10)<br>1964–1970 (as PDP-6 Monitor)

</td>

</td>

<td>Widely used at research and academic sites

</td>

<td>PDP-6 Monitor ⇶<br>→ <a href="TOPS-20#TENEX" title="TOPS-20">TENEX</a><br> ⇉ <a href="CP/M" title="CP/M">CP/M</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="DECSYSTEM-20" title="DECSYSTEM-20">DECsystem 20</a>

</td>

<td>1976-??

</td>

</td>

<td>Successor to <a href="TOPS-10" title="TOPS-10">TOPS-10</a> but more like <a href="TOPS-20#TENEX" title="TOPS-20">TENEX</a>

</td>

<td><a href="TOPS-20#TENEX" title="TOPS-20">TENEX</a>→<br><a href="TOPS-10" title="TOPS-10">TOPS-10</a>→

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>S/3x0

</td>

<td>1979–present (TPF)<br>2005–present(z/TPF)

</td>

</td>

<td>High-performance mainframe transaction platform, successor to <a href="Airlines_Control_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Airlines Control Program">ACP</a>, still available as z/TPF

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="RCA_Spectra_70" title="RCA Spectra 70">RCA Spectra 70</a> and successors

</td>

<td>1968-today

</td>

</td>

<td>Early general purpose mainframe OS

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

<td>1967–??

</td>

</td>

<td>Simple minicomputer OS

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="TSS/360" class="mw-redirect" title="TSS/360">TSS/360</a><br>TSS/370

</td>

<td><a href="IBM_System/360-67" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM System/360-67">IBM System/360-67</a> and successors

</td>

<td>1967–1971?

</td>

</td>

<td>IBM's original "official" time-sharing system; not a success

</td>

<td><a href="Compatible_Time-Sharing_System" title="Compatible Time-Sharing System">CTSS</a>→<br>⇶ TSS/370

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Unisys" title="Unisys">Unisys</a>/<a href="UNIVAC" title="UNIVAC">UNIVAC</a> <a href="EXEC_8" class="mw-redirect" title="EXEC 8">EXEC 8</a>

</td>

<td><a href="UNIVAC_1108" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIVAC 1108">UNIVAC 1108</a> <br> and successors

</td>

<td>1964–present

</td>

<td><a href="Sperry_Corporation" title="Sperry Corporation">Sperry-Rand</a> et al.

</td>

<td>Many universities <br>and government agencies were early users

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Unix" title="Unix">UNIX</a> and derivative systems

</td>

<td>ubiquitous

</td>

<td>1969–present

</td>

<td><a href="Bell_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Laboratories">Bell Laboratories</a> and successors

</td>

<td>Ultimately dominated operating system thought, in both proprietary and open-source descendants

</td>

<td><a href="Multics" title="Multics">Multics</a> ⇉<br> ⇉ <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="VM/370" class="mw-redirect" title="VM/370">VM/370</a><br>VM/SE<br>VM/SP

</td>

<td><a href="System/370" class="mw-redirect" title="System/370">System/370</a> and successors

</td>

<td>1972–1988<br>2000–present (<a href="Z/VM" title="Z/VM">z/VM</a>)

</td>

</td>

<td>Proprietary reimplementation of <a href="CP/CMS" title="CP/CMS">CP/CMS</a>, still available as <a href="Z/VM" title="Z/VM">z/VM</a>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">OpenVMS</a>

</td>

<td><a href="VAX" title="VAX">VAX</a>, <a href="IA-64" title="IA-64">IA-64</a>, <a href="DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">DEC Alpha</a>, <a href="X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a>

</td>

<td>1977–present

</td>

</td>

<td>Popular DEC operating system

</td>

<td><a href="TOPS-20#TENEX" title="TOPS-20">TENEX</a>→ <br><a href="RSX-11M" class="mw-redirect" title="RSX-11M">RSX-11M</a> ⇉ <br>⇉ <a href="DEC_MICA" title="DEC MICA">MICA</a> ⇉ <a href="Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a><br>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="IBM_System/360-67" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM System/360-67">IBM System/360-67</a>, <a href="System/370" class="mw-redirect" title="System/370">System/370</a> and successors

</td>

<td>1968–1986?

</td>

<td><a href="National_CSS" title="National CSS">National CSS</a>

</td>

<td>Proprietary fork of <a href="CP/CMS" title="CP/CMS">CP/CMS</a> developed by a time-sharing vendor

</td>

<td><a href="CP/CMS" title="CP/CMS">CP/CMS</a> ⇶

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="ORVYL_and_WYLBUR" title="ORVYL and WYLBUR">WYLBUR</a>

</td>

<td><a href="System/370" class="mw-redirect" title="System/370">System/370</a> and successors

</td>

<td>1967–2009?

</td>

<td><a href="Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>

</td>

<td>Popular editor system originally from <a href="ORVYL_and_WYLBUR" title="ORVYL and WYLBUR">ORVYL</a>, used under OS/VS as an alternative to TSO

</td>

<td>⇶ SuperWylbur

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_CP/CMS" title="History of CP/CMS">History of CP/CMS</a> has many period details and sources.</li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_operating_systems" title="Timeline of operating systems">Timeline of operating systems</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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</style><div class="reflist">

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Application of this concept to <a href="Data_communication" title="Data communication">data communication</a> led <a href="Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a> to the idea of <a href="Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet switching</a> after seminar he gave on time-sharing in the Autumn of 1965, attended by several people working on <a href="Project_MAC" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MAC">Project MAC</a> at <a href="MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts1978_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts1978-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roberts1995_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts1995-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFLeeRosin1992" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, J.A.N.; Rosin, Robert F (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/time-sharing-at-mit">"Time-Sharing at MIT"</a>. <i>IEEE Annals of the History of Computing</i>. <b>14</b> (1): 16. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F85.145316">10.1109/85.145316</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30976386">30976386</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLee1992" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, J.A.N. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/time-sharing-at-mit">"Claims to the Term "Time-Sharing""</a>. <i>IEEE Annals of the History of Computing</i>. <b>14</b> (1): 17. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F85.145316">10.1109/85.145316</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30976386">30976386</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2022</span>. <q>I did not envisage the sort of console system which is now so confusingly called time-sharing.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ctsspg-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ctsspg_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCorbatóDaggettDaleyCreasy1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Fernando_J._Corbat%C3%B3" title="Fernando J. Corbató">Corbató, F. J.</a>; Daggett, M. M.; Daley, R. C.; Creasy, R. J.; Hellwig, J. D.; Orenstein, R. H.; Korn, L. K. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/mit/ctss/CTSS_ProgrammersGuide.pdf"><i>The Compatible Time-Sharing System A Programmer's Guide</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. MIT Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-262-03008-3</bdi>. <q>To establish the context of the present work, it is informative to trace the development of time-sharing at MIT. Shortly after the first paper on time-shared computers by C. Strachey at the June 1959 UNESCO Information Processing conference, H.M. Teager and J. McCarthy delivered an unpublished paper "Time-Shared Program Testing" at the August 1959 ACM Meeting.</q></cite> <span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment">ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Roberts1978-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roberts1978_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1978" class="citation web cs1">Roberts, Dr. Lawrence G. (November 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324033133/http://www.packet.cc/files/ev-packet-sw.html">"The Evolution of Packet Switching"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.packet.cc/files/ev-packet-sw.html">the original</a> on March 24, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2017</span>. <q>Almost immediately after the 1965 meeting, Donald Davies conceived of the details of a store-and-forward packet switching system</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Roberts1995-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roberts1995_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1995" class="citation web cs1">Roberts, Dr. Lawrence G. (May 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324032800/http://www.packet.cc/files/arpanet-computernet.html">"The ARPANET & Computer Networks"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.packet.cc/files/arpanet-computernet.html">the original</a> on March 24, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHartley1968" class="citation cs2"><a href="David_Hartley_(computer_scientist)" title="David Hartley (computer scientist)">Hartley, D. F.</a> (1968), <i>The Cambridge multiple-access system: user's reference manual</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0901224002</bdi></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWilkesNeedham1968" class="citation cs2"><a href="Maurice_Wilkes" title="Maurice Wilkes">Wilkes, M.</a>; <a href="Roger_Needham" title="Roger Needham">Needham, R.</a> (1968), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/10/4/315.full.pdf">"The Design of Multiple-Access Computer Systems: Part 2"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>The Computer Journal</i>, <b>10</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">315–</span>320, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcomjnl%2F10.4.315">10.1093/comjnl/10.4.315</a></span></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRitchie1977" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Ritchie, Dennis M.</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/retro.pdf"><i>The Unix Time-sharing System: A retrospective</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Tenth Hawaii International Conference on the System Sciences. <q>a good case can be made that UNIX is in essence a modern implementation of MIT's CTSS system</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSeibel2009" class="citation book cs1">Seibel, Peter (2009). <i>Coders at work : reflections on the craft of programming</i>. New York: Apress. p. 463. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781430219491</bdi>. <q>The things that I [Ken Thompson] liked [about Multics] enough to actually take were the hierarchical file system and the shell</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonnell" class="citation web cs1">McDonnell, Eugene. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jsoftware.com/papers/eem/socio.htm">"The Socio-Technical Beginnings of APL"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-cdc_os_history-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cdc_os_history_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cdc_os_history_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/cdc/cyber/CDC_Operating_System_History_Mar76.pdf">"A partial history of CDC Operating Systems"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. March 1976.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/Oral_History/102658239.05.01.acc.pdf"><i>Oral History of Martin A. Goetz</i></a>, co-founder of <a href="Applied_Data_Research" title="Applied Data Research">Applied Data Research</a> (ADR), interviewed by: Burt Grad and Luanne Johnson, December 10, 1985 at Princeton, New Jersey, Computer History Museum Reference No. X4579.2008 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120324211926/http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/Oral_History/102658239.05.01.acc.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-03-24 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

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</style><div id="Time-sharing_operating_systems209" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">Time-sharing</a> <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="BBN_Time-Sharing_System" title="BBN Time-Sharing System">BBN Time-Sharing System</a></li>

<li><a href="Berkeley_Timesharing_System" title="Berkeley Timesharing System">Berkeley Timesharing System</a></li>

<li><a href="Burroughs_MCP" title="Burroughs MCP">Burroughs MCP</a></li>

<li><a href="CDC_Kronos" title="CDC Kronos">CDC Kronos</a></li>

<li><a href="Compatible_Time-Sharing_System" title="Compatible Time-Sharing System">Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS)</a></li>

<li><a href="Cray_Time_Sharing_System" title="Cray Time Sharing System">Cray Time Sharing System (CTSS)</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiple_Console_Time_Sharing_System" title="Multiple Console Time Sharing System">MCTSS</a></li>

<li><a href="Multics" title="Multics">Multics</a></li>

<li><a href="MUSIC/SP" title="MUSIC/SP">MUSIC/SP</a></li>

<li><a href="NLTSS" title="NLTSS">NLTSS</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">OpenVMS</a></li>

<li><a href="ORVYL_and_WYLBUR" title="ORVYL and WYLBUR">ORVYL and WYLBUR</a></li>

<li><a href="TENEX_(operating_system)" title="TENEX (operating system)">TENEX</a></li>

<li><a href="WAITS" title="WAITS">WAITS</a></li></ul>

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